| | [A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. |
| 41. Petrarch | [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists. |
| 42. Niccolò Machiavelli | [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate. |
| 43. Samuel Smiles | [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history. |
| 44. Thomas Carlyle | [E]. held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. |
| 45. Marx and Engels | [F]. dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. |
| | [G]. depicted the worthy lives of engineers industrialists and explorers. |